Suchergebnisse

Transmigration in Indonesia has become the largest agricultural colonization programme ever undertaken by state. The objectives of the programme are multiple. First of all, transmigration is a social policy. It is also a development policy. The article discusses how transmigrant peasants shifted to market-oriented agriculture in the Batumarta region in South Sumatra. It points out the deep misunderstanding of peasant behaviour by agronomists.(DÜI-Sen)

La filière palmier à huile est une filière rentable et compétitive. Des techniques agronomiques respectueuses de l'environnement existent et offrent un potentiel d'amélioration de la durabilité de la production des palmeraies villageoises. Un développement durable de la filière est donc possible à condition de repenser le schéma de développement actuel afin d'inciter l'implantation d'huileries industrielles de taille moyenne dans des zones de forêts dégradées ou déjà défrichées, où le développement de palmeraies villageoises serait encadré par l'agro-industrie. Pour ce faire, la définition d'un cadre politique adapté est une condition sine qua non pour que la trajectoire du développement de la filière soit durable, c'est-à-dire favorise des modes de production à la fois viables économiquement (amélioration des rendements à l'hectare, lutte préventive contre la fusariose, etc.), équitables socialement (respect du droit des travailleurs, consultation des populations locales, etc.) et protège l'environnement (protection de la biodiversité, atténuation du changement climatique, etc.). L'adaptation des politiques doit s'opérer à deux niveaux : d'une part, au niveau local avec le développement de synergies entre plantations villageoises et agro-industrielles et la garantie de l'accès au foncier pour les populations les plus démunies n'ayant pas les capacités financières nécessaires pour la mise en valeur des terres ; d'autre part, au niveau national avec le renforcement des capacités de l'État et de sa gouvernance afin de mieux faire appliquer les lois et d'insuffler davantage de durabilité aux différents maillons de la filière.

Cash crops are developing in the once forested areas of Indonesia in parallel with market and economic improvements. Perennial crops such as coffee, cocoa, and rubber were first planted in estates by private or public companies. Local people then integrated these crops into their farming systems, often through the planting of agroforests, that is, intercropping the new cash crop with upland rice and food crops. The crop was generally mixed with fruit trees, timber, and other useful plants. A geographic specialization occurred, driven by biophysical constraints and market opportunities, with expansion of cocoa in Sulawesi, coffee in Lampung, and natural rubber in eastern Sumatra. However, during the past three decades, these agroforests have increasingly been converted into more productive monoculture plantations. A common trajectory can be observed in agricultural landscapes dominated by a perennial cash crop: from ladang to agroforests, and then to monoculture plantations. This process combines agricultural expansion at the expense of natural forests and specialization of the land cover at the expense of biodiversity and wildlife habitats. We determined the main drivers of agricultural expansion and intensification in three regions of Indonesia based on perception surveys and land use profitability analysis. When the national and international contexts clearly influence farmers' decisions, local people appear very responsive to economic opportunities. They do not hesitate to change their livelihood system if it can increase their income. Their cultural or sentimental attachment to the forest is not sufficient to prevent forest conversion.

The present study is an evaluation of the current strengths and weaknesses of the oil palm smallholder sector in Cameroon, or more precisely of the non-industrial sector, as some holdings owned by elites can reach hundreds of hectares. A randomized sample of oil palm producers was chosen after categorization into elites, migrants, natives and company workers (past and present) in four palm oil production basins in the Southern part of the country. 176 semi-structured questionnaires were administered. The production basins included: Eseka, Dibombari, Muyuka, and Lobe. Results from the study revealed that elites owned larger average areas (41.3 ha) than the other categories of oil palm producers. All categories recorded low average plantation yields, ranging from 7 to 8.4 t FFB/ha/year (with minimum yields of 3 t FFB/ha). Though the elites showed better bargaining power and higher income, all categories of producers faced similar problems such as the high cost of inputs with no governmental subsidies, the difficulty in accessing loans with low interest rates and the use of rudimentary working tools. Despite such weaknesses, the sector also demonstrates some strengths such as the ability to impose little threat to the primary forest when compared to agro-industrial plantations, the availability of a domestic and sub-regional market for red palm oil, the availability of artisanal mills with low extraction rates although able to generate more income for the producers. There is a need for governmental policies that will strengthen partnership between small and medium oil palm producers and agro-industries as it was the case during the Fonader period, in order to converge with the poverty reduction strategy intiated by the government of Cameroon.

The increasing rate of forest degradation and lack of local communities' access to forest, have been a significant stimulus for the implementation of community-based forest management (CBFM). This study aims to assess and analyze the role of NGOs in the implementation of the CBFM program and formulate strategies to improve the role of NGOs in the implementation of the CBFM program. This study use two methods of analysis, which are analyzes the performance of NGOs in the CBFM program and analysis of the institutional development of local institutions. The results of this study, are: 1) Most of NGos (5 NGOs) have good performance in the implementation of the CBFM program funded by UNDP and 2 NGOs have good performance and less well. 2) Development of local institutions influenced by local resource conditions, international, national, and local political-economic factors, and local socio-political factors. 3) The strategy to increase the role of NGOs in the implementation of CBFM in the context of regional development can be done through several ways, are: development in institutional capacity of NGOs, development in empowerment and institutional capacity of community, development in advocacy of local government, development in business of community with the private sector.Keywords: Community-Based Forest Management, Non-Governmental Organizations, Strategy

International audience ; Attempts to reconcile economic development with environmental conservation in a forest area in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, are reviewed for the district of Malinau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, an area of 42,000 km2 that is still largely covered in rainforest. The history of the region is described and the conservation and development impacts of external drivers of change are assessed. Both government and conservation organizations have subscribed to the rhetoric of pursuing development pathways that would be sustainable and would conserve the rich biodiversity of the area. Three distinct approaches to conservation have been attempted. First spatial planning has been used to attribute land to different uses and particularly to identify and designate protected areas. Second, measures have been taken to lessen the negative environmental impact of industrial logging and to promote the preservation of biodiversity in logged forests. Last, decentralized and community-based management has been promoted on the assumption that this would yield better environmental and social outcomes than large-scale industrial development.These conservation measures have been pursued during a period when the governance of the region has been weak. Corruption, political collusion, and nepotism have been major factors in decision making about natural resources.We argue that a sustainable future for the district of Malinau must lie in finding an appropriate balance between protected areas, forests managed at both industrial and community scales, and land conversion. However, there is little empirical evidence that allows the outcomes of these approaches to be measured. The problem of knowing how conservation investments can be made in ways that optimize sustainable benefits to local livelihoods remains largely unresolved. A number of possible conservation and development pathways for the district are discussed.